Image taken with the Google Pixel 10. Photo: Dale Baskin

When Google unveiled the Pixel 10 last week, it touted the 48MP main camera, and yet, it can only produce 12MP photos. The story is the same with last year's Pixel 9 and its 50MP main camera. This has led some users to complain that Google's spec sheets are misleading; why would Google advertise a resolution that Pixel owners can't actually use? However, there's likely more going on than meets the eye.

Spec differences

On paper, the specs of the Pixel lineup seem pretty straightforward. The Pixel 9 features a 50MP main camera, and the new Pixel 10 uses a 48MP one. Yet in reality, neither phone produces images near that size, with every shot capped at 12MP.

The Pixel 10 Pro and Pro XL also, by default, take 12MP images with their 50MP sensors. However, the Pro models give users the option to change the resolution and turn on a Hi-Res setting. With that turned on, the phone will output 50MP files, which is the promised resolution. Unfortunately, the standard Pixel doesn't offer such a setting, so there is no opportunity to change to the full resolution.

Technology at play

The Quad Bayer design (right) uses an oversized version of the conventional Bayer pattern (left). Each color patch extends over four photodiodes; each has its own microlens in front of it. Image: adapted from Sony Semiconductor illustration

So why put a higher-resolution sensor in the phone only to output a quarter of the resolution? There may be a few factors. First, the phone uses a Quad Bayer sensor, which differs from a traditional Bayer sensor by having each color patch extend over four photodiodes instead of one.

While each photodiode has a microlens that allows it to be used as an individual pixel (with a heavy helping of interpolation), there are other ways to use the data from a quad Bayer sensor. One is to bin the four photosites behind each color patch, which will reduce read noise and give you a resulting image that's 1/4 of the sensor's full resolution. This method comes at the cost of some detail, but gives you a cleaner image, especially in low-light situations.

Image taken with the Google Pixel 10. Photo: Dale Baskin

Another readout mode lets you retain more information in the highlights, again at the cost of outputting a file that's only a 1/4 of the resolution compared to if you used each photosite as a single pixel. In high contrast scenes, this allows for better HDR results.

Essentially, you can choose between having the maximum amount of detail captured, the minimum amount of noise or the maximum dynamic range. Or, rather, the phone manufacturer can; while the Pro models let you choose resolution over low-light performance, the standard model simply doesn't offer that option.

"There are other ways the phone may be using the extra pixels, even if they don't show up in the final output in the form of higher resolution."

It's also important to note that there are other ways the phone may be using the extra pixels, even if they don't show up in the final output in the form of higher resolution. Smartphones rely heavily on computational enhancements to produce better image quality than their tiny sensors typically allow. It's possible that, somewhere in Google's imaging pipeline, it may be using a 48MP readout from the sensor in addition to the other modes, even though the end result is a lower-resolution file.

The Pixel 9 and 10's spec sheets aren't incorrect; they use 50MP and 48MP sensors, respectively. But it's also understandable why some users feel misled when they can't actually get files that match those resolutions. The phones may be taking full advantage of the sensors in the background, just in a way most don't necessarily expect.

A photo taken in 50MP mode on the Pixel 10 Pro XL. Photo: Abby Ferguson

Of course, it likely doesn't help that Google only gives people who buy the Pro models the option to capture as much detail as possible with a full-res photo. That's especially true since other manufacturers, like Apple, don't divide their regular and Pro models along the same lines (though Apple's 48MP option is buried in the settings app).

It's an interesting situation because the spec sheets seem designed for people who assume that the more megapixels a sensor has, the better. But the same people will likely feel betrayed by the fact that they can't actually get that full resolution, even if their images will be better in most situations without it.

"At this time, the user cannot create a 48MP image from Pixel 10."

We reached out to Google for clarification on this difference between hardware specs and output. A representative for Google shared the following: "The Pixel 10 main/wide camera is a 48MP sensor. We include a clarifying footnote about resolution because even though the hardware is a 48MP sensor, Pixel Camera app configures the sensor in binning mode. At this time, the user cannot create a 48MP image from Pixel 10."

The footnote that Google is referring to states, "Reflects megapixels for camera sensor. Camera image resolution output may be less when using default settings." The use of "may" in that footnote is where Google is putting itself in a bind, since on the Pixel 10, it is always less, no matter what.